Oral language was once the primary means of communicating.

Several hundred years ago, when oral language was the primary means of transmitting knowledge and communicating, no technology was required to be "literate." Effective speaking was the critical communication skill and a key focus of instruction (see Figure 1).

Consider the power of a well-constructed oral argument or narrative. The speaker can convey ideas dynamically, with appropriate affect and emphasis, while analyzing and responding to the reactions of the audience. The audience can participate actively by asking questions or challenging points, with the result that highly effective communication can take place. The live, interactive context leads to modifications of the content, which in turn is dynamic.